Made In America: A Fad or Long-Term Commitment?

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Made In America: A Fad or Long-Term Commitment?

Are Any Good Products Still Made In America?

Conventional wisdom says U.S. companies have shuttered their factories and moved manufacturing abroad for cheap labor.

During the recession, 2 million manufacturing jobs vanished. Here's the story you don't hear: The United States is still the world's largest manufacturing economy, producing $1.6 trillion of goods each year, or 21 percent of global production. And that number may rise as more companies move back to the United States in search of lower costs and higher quality.

The United States will experience a manufacturing renaissance within the next five years, predicts the Boston Consulting Group. Increases in Chinese wages and shipping costs, as well as subpar manufacturing quality overseas, have already inspired some companies to consider "onshoring" or "reshoring" their production efforts back to the United States. And as U.S.-based industrial giants such as General Electric (GE) and Caterpillar (CAT) make the switch today, thousands of smaller companies continue to churn out best-in-class products across the country. We're celebrating 10 American companies making signature consumer products with American ingenuity - and leaving foreign-made competitions in the dust.

Made in America? How To Know Which Flag-Waving Products Are True Red, White, And Blue

Puzzling Labels

Laws allow for patriotic symbols, as long as makers identify where a product was made.

Given a choice between a product made in the U.S. and an identical one made abroad, 78 percent of Americans would rather buy the American product, according to a new nationally representative survey by the Consumer Reports National Research Center.

More than 80 percent of those people cited retaining manufacturing jobs and keeping American manufacturing strong in the global economy as very important reasons for buying American. About 60 percent cited concern about the use of child workers or other cheap labor overseas, or stated that American-made goods were of higher quality.

And people would pay extra to buy American. More than 60 percent of all respondents indicated they’d buy American-made clothes and appliances even if those cost 10 percent more than imported versions; more than 25 percent said they’d pay at least an extra 20 percent. (Perhaps more surprising: According to a new survey of consumers in the U.S. and abroad by the Boston Consulting Group, more than 60 percent of Chinese respondents said they’d buy the American-made version over the Chinese even if it were to cost more.)

Clearly, most Americans want to know where products are made and want to buy those that will help create or keep jobs in the U.S.—an attempt applauded by economists like Jeff Faux, a distinguished fellow of the nonprofit, nonpartisan Economic Policy Institute, in Washington, D.C. “Consumers need to understand that all jobs and wages are interconnected,” Faux told us. “When you buy foreign goods—and sometimes there’s no choice—it means that fewer U.S. workers will have the money to buy the goods and services you sell.”

But what does “made in the USA” even mean? And how can you identify what’s made where?

In this special report, we’ll decipher labeling laws and explain why a product that pictures an American flag might be made abroad, identify companies that still make products in the U.S., hear from economists about manufacturing trends, and provide our experts’ assessment of the quality of some American-made apparel.

A Guessing Game

Few products except cars, textiles, furs, and woolens are required by law to reveal their American heritage. But when any manufacturer chooses to boast of an American connection, it must comply with federal rules designed to keep consumers from being misled.

Our evidence shows that if not misled, consumers are at least confused. Readers flood Consumer Reports with letters and e-mail seeking explanations as to why, for example, frozen blueberries from Oregon are identified as a product of Chile; why a company named Florida’s Natural sells apple juice with concentrate from Brazil; why pants made in Vietnam are labeled “authentic, active, outdoor, American”; or why a T-shirt with the words “Made in the” above the U.S. flag comes from Mexico.

Though perplexing, such words and pictures don’t usually violate regulations that are issued by the Federal Trade Commission, the agency responsible for protecting consumers from false or deceptive product claims. The key factors in determining whether a “Made in the USA” claim is deceptive, says FTC senior attorney Laura Koss, are the claim’s context and whether it’s likely to mislead a reasonable consumer. Ultimately, the line between legal and illegal is determined by the overall impression planted in consumers’ minds.

But the line is blurry. Every case is different and subject to interpretation, Koss says. Most of the complaints the FTC receives are initiated by companies that are pointing a finger at competitors they claim are seeking an unfair advantage.

When a company definitely crosses the line, the FTC’s priority is stopping the behavior, not punishment. If a company refuses, it faces civil penalties—in theory. In practice, the FTC has brought only one civil penalty case since the late 1990s, slapping toolmaker Stanley with a $205,000 fine in 2006 to settle charges involving the pedigree of its Zero Degree ratchets. (Stanley claimed that the ratchets were made in America, but the FTC noted that much of their content was foreign.)

The Types of Claims

“Made in the USA” claims can be “unqualified” or “qualified.” Unqualified means that “all or virtually all” significant parts and processing are of U.S. origin. The product may contain a small amount of foreign ingredients if they’re not significant—the knobs of a barbecue grill, for instance. Companies must be able to document any claim.

Qualified claims, the main cause of confusion, come in many forms, but each must tell the whole story. Take the new iPad Mini. The packaging says, “Designed by Apple in California, Assembled in China.” That’s an acceptable claim. By contrast, a company could land in trouble if it said “created in the U.S.” without specifying the country of manufacture, since consumers are likely to interpret a vague, stand-alone term like “created” as all-inclusive. The FTC requires companies to post prominent, unambiguous statements (such as the actual country of origin) to leave an accurate impression.

Readers who have sent us complaints seem most irritated by foreign-made products whose makers have patriotic names (American Mills, Americana Olives, Great American Seafood, United States Sweaters, the U.S. Lock company) or whose packages have flag-waving slogans (“true American quality”) or symbols (pictures of the flag, eagle, Statue of Liberty). But all of those products are likely to be legal as long as they leave a clear impression about where they’re made.

Another type of labeling law, enforced by U.S. Customs and Border Protection with an assist from the Department of Agriculture, requires imported goods to bear a country-of-origin label when they enter the U.S. If an import combines materials or processing from more than one country, the agency considers the country of origin to be the last country in which a “substantial transformation” occurred—for example, the place where a computer was fabricated, not the country that supplied most parts.

The USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service is responsible for administering and enforcing country-of-origin labeling of certain foods. Large retailers must use signs, labels, or stickers to identify the birthplace of covered commodities (most meat, fish, fresh or frozen fruits, vegetables, and some nuts). That’s why some brands of salmon are labeled both “wild-caught Alaskan” and “Product of Thailand.” The fish was caught in U.S. waters but took a detour to Asia to be skinned and boned (to take advantage of cheaper labor) before making its return voyage. Under the law, that side trip must be noted.

Bottom Line. If You Want To Buy American Products, These Tips Should Help:

Read Labels Carefully, Using The Info Above.


Consult websites that name companies making products in the U.S.: americansworking.com, madeinamericaforever.com, and madeinusa.org.


Contact A Manufacturer Directly.


Check Our Listing of Some of The Companies Still Manufacturing In America.

Still Made In The USA

Crayola Crayons

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, American manufacturing lost almost 6 million jobs between 2000 and 2010. “Offshoring” became a buzzword with the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement in 1994. But the more recent hemorrhaging of jobs was due in large part to China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001, notes Ron Hira, associate professor of public policy at the Rochester Institute of Technology. A decade of BLS data reveals heavy job losses across more than a dozen manufacturing sectors, including apparel and textiles, electrical equipment, iron and steel production, computers, glass, and leather tanning and finishing.

Why are foreign nations so appealing to manufacturers? Simple economics, for starters. In 2010, compensation costs (wages and benefits) for manufacturing jobs in the U.S. were $34.74 per hour on average, according to the BLS. That’s lower than in 13 northern and western European countries, but far higher than costs in China: $1.36 per hour (in 2008), based on BLS estimates. Another manufacturing powerhouse, India, has even lower hourly compensation costs than China.

But depending on the manufacturing sector, labor may account for only a small fraction of operating costs. So China may offer manufacturers “goodie packages” to relocate, including tax breaks, low-cost land rental, and reduced utility costs, according to Hal Sirkin, a senior partner with global-management consultants Boston Consulting Group. In exchange, U.S. companies might be required to take on local companies as business partners or cut other deals with area businesses or municipalities.

The appeal of foreign countries may wane, Sirkin says. “China gets more expensive every year. By 2015, Chinese wages will average $6.15 per hour, still well below the U.S. minimum wage, but American worker productivity is significantly higher. When you consider all the factors, the true cost to manufacture goods from China will be only about 10 percent cheaper than to make them domestically in another few years.”

Stihl Chain Saw

National security issues and an iffy supply chain are also concerns. “Natural disasters such as the 2011 tsunami in Japan can disrupt the product pipeline, leading to shortages of parts, products, and long shipping delays,” says John Hoffecker, a managing director of global business consultants AlixPartners in New York. By 2015, the Boston Consulting Group predicts, cost advantages (in electricity, natural gas, and labor) over Japan and several European countries in a range of industries will give U.S. exports a big boost. As a result, the group says, the U.S. could add as many as 2.5 million to 5 million manufacturing jobs by the end of the decade.

Jeff Faux, a distinguished fellow of the Economic Policy Institute in Washington, D.C., is not sanguine about the nature of those jobs. “When you think it through,” he says, “our default policy to compete in the global economy over the long run is to lower the wages and benefits of American workers, and no one at the top will admit that. There’s no question a few jobs are coming back. However, they’re jobs that once paid $22 per hour and are now paying $12. Globalization isn’t the problem. The problem is that we started to accelerate the opening of U.S. markets to foreign goods, but without preparing our workers for the brutalization of competition. For 30 years leaders have said we need to train and upgrade the skills of American workers, but it needs to be done before signing these trade agreements, not after the fact.”

Making It In America

Wolf Range

Still, it’s a stretch to say, as is commonly heard, that the U.S. doesn’t make anything anymore. In fact, Sirkin says, the U.S. makes about three-quarters of all the manufactured goods (including components) it consumes. The chemical and plastics industries are thriving, thanks to declining natural gas prices, and foreign automakers including BMW, Hyundai, Kia, Mercedes, and Volkswagen have opened plants in the U.S. Master Lock returned (“onshored” or   “insourced” in labor-speak) 100 union jobs to its Milwaukee lock factory. Among the companies that have dug in their heels and continued to manufacture domestically is Lenox, which says it’s the only maker of fine bone china in the U.S.

Some companies are bucking the outsourcing trend even in industries that have largely fled the U.S.: large appliances, electronics, and apparel.

Appliances. In 2000, Michigan-based Whirlpool manufactured most of its front-loading washers in Germany. Now the company is in the midst of making a five-year, $1 billion investment in U.S.-based plants, facilities, and equipment. Of the products Whirlpool sells in the U.S., it makes 80 percent in U.S. plants. And it continues to ramp up production of front-loaders in Ohio, where it already makes dryers, dishwashers, freezers, and top-loaders.

“On the one hand, U.S. labor costs are often higher than in other countries,” says Casey Tubman, Whirlpool’s general manager of cleaning. “But when you look at the higher productivity for American workers and consider the fact that it’s very expensive to ship something as big as a refrigerator or washer, we can quickly make up those costs.”

Last year, KitchenAid returned the manufacture of hand mixers from China to the U.S., and GE opened two factories in Kentucky to make hot-water heaters and refrigerators. A spokesman for Sears told us that “through our manufacturing partner, Electrolux, more than 1,200 new American jobs will be created at a plant being built in Memphis.”

There should be plenty of demand if the industry does come back. About a third of respondents to our survey said they’d tried to buy U.S.-made appliances during the past year. And more than half of respondents perceived such appliances as having much or somewhat better quality than those made abroad.

Pendleton Portland Collection Blanket

Electronics. Few TVs, cell phones, or digital cameras are made in America, but in December, Apple CEO Tim Cook said, “Next year, we will do one of our existing Mac lines in the United States.” China-based Lenovo, the world’s second-largest personal computer maker, announced last October that it would start making some PCs in North Carolina, bucking a trend “that has seen electronics manufacturing jobs migrate overseas for more than two decades,” the company said. And Element Electronics, an American company, has been assembling LCD TVs in its Detroit factory since January 2012. The company says that opting for domestic production was “an emotional decision . . . maybe even a patriotic choice.”

Apparel. The domestic industry has been scorched by job losses because of plentiful and cheap labor overseas. More than 90 percent of clothes and shoes sold in America are made elsewhere, according to Jack Plunkett of Houston-based Plunkett Research. Still, the industry is gaining traction in the U.S. There’s growth among designers with output too small to attract the interest of international manufacturers, and among those who simply want to be part of a Made in America movement. And as you'll read in "American Made, But Well Made?" even some big names are offering at least a limited assortment of American-made garments and accessories.

To build on the momentum, President Obama, through the departments of Commerce and Labor, last fall launched the “Make It in America” challenge, offering $40 million in grants to applicants who come up with the best proposals to encourage “insourcing,” spur foreign investment, and expand job opportunities through employee training programs.

Close To Home—Mostly

Here’s a sampling of companies that make or assemble at least some of their products in the U.S. Note that a company’s entire output isn’t necessarily American-made. And some primarily American companies may have manufacturing facilities in more than one country to meet demand overseas.

Although looking for U.S.-made products is important to most Americans, our national survey found that other corporate behavior matters at least as much. We asked respondents, "All things being equal, would you be more likely, less likely, or neither to buy from a company that . . . "

American Made, But Well Made?

Respondents to our survey praised the quality of U.S.-made products: 61 percent said that U.S. clothing and shoes were of better quality than foreign goods (34 percent said “much better” and 27 percent said “somewhat better”). Just 5 percent said American-crafted clothing or shoes were of worse quality. And almost 60 percent of Americans said they had tried to buy U.S.-made clothing or shoes within the past year. No wonder more and more companies are adding at least a few U.S.-made items to their product lines. But no product is worth your hard-earned dollars if it’s poorly made. For a snapshot of how American-made products measure up, we bought one sample of six products from big brands and asked our experts to assess their quality. Price is what we paid.

Brooks Brothers Cotton Sport Shirt, $84

Made in America from long-staple Egyptian cotton woven in Italy, the fabric is smooth, strong, and unlikely to pill. (Egyptian cotton is typical in fine sheets and shirts.) Brooks Brothers sweated the small stuff, and the shirt has impeccable details: The button holes are perfect, the collar has interfacing that makes it “stand up and be noticed,” our expert said; the striped fabric on the back of the shirt lines up with the yoke, and the yoke lines up with the collar (“like a good wallpaper job,” our expert noted). There are gussets on the side of the tail and small pleats in the sleeve to help resist accidental tears. The shirt also comes with two extra buttons, one for the placket and another for the collar. Our only nitpick: a few loose threads.

Bottom line. “It’s a well-made, high-quality shirt,” our expert said, “with features that help it resist wear and touches you’d expect from a tailor.”

Lands’ End Ragg Socks, $30

These thick casual socks (made in Osage, Iowa) are multicolored, as the name “ragg” implies. They’re 66 percent cotton, 28 percent wool, 5 percent nylon, and 1 percent spandex. The heel and toe are densely knit to keep those areas from wearing out; a bit of spandex in the heel and toe adds strength. Elastic throughout helps the socks stretch and retain their shape over time. But a raised seam across the top of the toe could irritate the foot and give a hiker blisters. Better socks have a smooth seam. Other drawbacks: chaff in the wool (the processor didn’t eliminate all field debris after the sheep was sheared), loose threads, and sloppy finishing at the top of the ankle.

Bottom line. “Construction could be better, and you’d expect higher wool content for the price,” our expert said.

L.L.Bean Women’s Braided Leather Belt, $35

The leather isn’t butter-soft, but it’s fine for a belt. The braids are machine made, and the belt (made in California) features simple, flat-cut leather with unfinished edges that could abrade over time. The braid’s ends were taped before sewing and double backstitched to create sturdier seams. The sewing is neat. The buckle components fit together nicely, and the metal prong that slips into the hole is well finished, so it’s unlikely to snag on other materials.

Bottom line. “It’s well made overall,” our expert said, “and decent for the price.”

New Balance 587 Running Shoe, $115

It looks well built, with double-stitching at most joints and good adhesion between the sole and upper, but the synthetic materials seem cheap. The shoe feels very stiff, and inflexible materials could result in unusual wear. Because the materials aren’t porous, the shoe is likely to retain heat. It’s also somewhat heavier than many of today’s running shoes, which tend to be very light. The company’s plants are in Maine and Massachusetts.

Bottom line. “The shoes appear well made but are very stiff and use crude-looking materials,” our expert said. “For the money, there are better choices.”

Orvis Cropped Cotton Pants For Women, $54

They’re made (in California) of a stretchy jersey knit, like T-shirt fabric but denser. The two pockets aren’t pocket bags but are instead a single piece of fabric folded over itself—a cheaper design. The pants have an elastic waistband, a bar tack at each pocket to help prevent ripping, a T-shirt-style hem, and serged stitching that’s reinforced at seams to prevent unraveling. Sewing at the crotch and hem is neat, but hanging threads as long as 4 inches could snag.

Bottom line. “The fabric is nice, but the pants seem pricey for what they are,” our expert said.

Woolrich Vintage Throw, $129

On one side, this blanket (made in Woolrich, Pa.) is 84 percent wool and 16 percent nylon; on the other, it’s nubby polyester and acrylic sherpa fleece. The fleece side is a stretchy double knit with a fuzzy texture to counterbalance the roughness of the wool on the flip side. It has an old-fashioned look, and the big, loopy chain stitch around the edge adds to the hand-sewn feeling, though it’s made by machine, as is the rest of the blanket. If the edge were to wear out, the chain stitch would unravel, but it’s purely decorative, so the blanket would stay intact. The sides are actually held together with a conventional serged seam that’s concealed from view.

Bottom line. “It’s a classic,” our expert said. “Good fabric choices and construction details mean it’s something you’ll have for a very long time.”


Car Wars: Comparing Pedigrees


Most vehicles are multinational, even those with iconic American nameplates, and many imports are surprisingly red, white, and blue. Case in point: The Chevrolet Spark (below left) and Toyota Sienna (below right). Only 10 percent of the Chevy’s parts are American or Canadian; more than 75 percent (including the engine) are from Korea, where the vehicle is assembled, and the automatic transmission is made in Japan. By contrast, 75 percent of the Sienna (including its engine) is American. It’s assembled in Indiana.


We know those facts because the American Automobile Labeling Act requires passenger vehicles, pickup trucks, SUVs, and vans to bear labels specifying the value of their U.S. and Canadian parts (as a percentage of the total value of all car parts), the country of assembly, and the country of origin of the engine and transmission. That information is typically on the vehicle’s window sticker.

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Will Google Glass Fry Your Brain and/or Give You Cataracts?

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Will Google Glass Fry Your Brain And/Or Give You Cataracts?

Google Glass ushers in a new trend in wireless devices. A wearable computer with head mounted display, Google Glass captures a lot of attention with its design, functions and life-style implication. Some people have raised concerns that Google Glass introduces new types of radiation exposure risks due to the way in which it is worn. This article explores the implications of on-body wireless devices on radiation exposure.

Google Glass

Like all wireless devices, Google Glass emits electromagnetic radiation, called non-ionizing radiation, in the radio-frequency (RF) range in operation. The prototype Google Glass has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth antennas but no cellular antenna. Although there is still no consensus on whether this type of radiation is harmful to human body, growing scientific evidence shows correlation between wireless radiation and adverse health effects, including but not limited to brain tumors, impaired brain function, sperm damage and behavioral problems in children. In May 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) classified radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” based on increased risk of brain tumors.

Previous studies have found low-level electromagnetic field exposure from mobiles and other transmitting devices could cause harmful heating of tissue, male infertility and cancer.

The World Health Organisation nevertheless classifies radio-frequency fields as 'possibly carcinogenic to humans'.

This is a middle rating on a scale that contains five levels of carcinogens, ranking mobiles below things that are definitely known to cause cancer - such as smoking and sun beds - and alongside things over which there are still questions, such as pesticide DDT and lead.

The WHO says that, while we still need more studies, we should err on the side of caution. It pointed to a study from 2010 that linked just 30 minutes of mobile use a day for ten years with an increased likelihood of glioma, a type of brain tumour.

In the U.S., the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has taken the fears into account by issuing guidelines for phone makers which limit how much radio-frequency energy that customers should be exposed to.

Mobiles Emit Signals In The Form of Radio Waves

These microwaves are a form of non-ionising electromagnetic radiation.

When we hold a mobile against our ear, the radiation is in direct contact with the tissue in our head. The fear is that this radiation can cause changes to the cells in our brains.

If the DNA in these brain cells gets damaged they may become cancerous and cause  brain tumours, in particular gliomas.

These are a rare type of tumour that typically starts in the brain or spine and can cause headaches, nausea, vomiting and seizures. They are usually incurable.

Exposure to ionising electromagnetic radiation, such as that from x-rays and cosmic rays, is known to increase the risk of cancer, but there is no consistent evidence that non-ionising radiation increases cancer risk.

So far, the only known biological effect of radio-frequency energy is heating, which is the principle behind the ability of microwave ovens to heat food.

It’s also feared that the radio waves can alter chemical and electrical reactions in our brains, changing, in effect, the way that the brain’s cells communicate. This may cause emotional disorders.

Two Unique Risk Concerns

Google Glass represents a fundamentally new type of wireless device. Unlike, cell phones which are used next to the head only when making phone calls, Google Glass is designed to be worn on the user’s head in the same position all day long. The novel way in which Google Glass is used brings two unique risk concerns with regard to its radiation exposure.

Firstly, scientific evidence indicates that cumulative exposure time plays a very important role in evaluating the health risks of wireless radiation. For example, the Interphone study one of the largest international study on cell phone use and brain tumors coordinated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), shows no risk for general users (average 2 to 2.5 hours cell phone use a month) but a 40% increase in brain tumor glioma for “heavy” cell phone users – defined in the study as 1,640 hours or more cumulative cell phone use, or 30-minute daily use over a 10-year period of time (Interphone Report, 2010).

A 2011 pooled analysis by Swedish researchers indicates a dose response that the risk of brain tumors (both glioma and astrocytoma) increased significantly for every 100 hr of cumulative exposure (Hardell et al, 2011). Other reported cumulative biological effects from exposure include effects on the Central Nervous System (CNS) and DNA damage (Lai, 1998). Google Glass is designed to be worn on the user’s head all day long. The potential cumulative exposure time from Glass is expected to be much longer than from cell phones and therefore the potential health risk for Glass could be much higher than cell phones.

Secondly, scientific evidence indicates that the laterality of cell phone use – whether it is used primarily on one side of the head (ipsilateral use) or on both sides (contralateral use), also plays an important role in evaluating the risk of brain tumors. For example, the Interphone study shows that among heavy users (≥ 1,640 hr), ipsilateral users had a nearly doubled risk of glioma (compared to 40% increase for all) and tumors were more likely to occur on the side of the head most used for calling. The higher risk for ipsilateral exposure was also confirmed in other high-quality epidemiological studies (Hardell et al., 2006, 2009; Khurana et al., 2009). Since wireless energy absorption in brain tissue is non-uniform, “hotspots” are formed in certain area of the brain close to the transmitting antenna. It is the “hotspots” that are most problematic when it comes to the health risk of wireless radiation. Google Glass is designed to be worn in the same position all the time and the same part of the brain in close vicinity to Glass’s transmitting antenna will be subject to the highest localized exposure all the time. As a result, the long-term ipsilateral exposure could give Google Glass users a much higher risk of brain tumors and/or CNS impairment than mobile phone users.

Understanding SAR

The amount of RF radiation absorbed by a user’s head and body is evaluated by its Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). SAR is defined as the power absorbed per mass of body tissue when exposed to wireless radiation. In the United States, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) sets the SAR limit for public exposure to be 1.6 W/kg averaged over 1 gram of tissue. All wireless devices must be evaluated for their SAR values before going to market.

According to the SAR Evaluation Report for Google Glass by UL CCS, the highest 1-g SAR in head for Glass is measured to be 1.110 W/kg, which comes from its Wi-Fi antenna. Since Google Glass has a SAR level below the safety limit of 1.6 W/kg, it is considered “safe” according to the FCC safety guideline.

The current SAR standard of 1.6 W/kg was based on short-term or acute exposure (30 to 60 minutes of exposure) studies of animal behavioral disruption in the 1970s. There is scientific evidence showing that a longer exposure time at a lower level of RF radiation can also result in animal behavioral disruption and other biological effects (BioInitiative Working Group, 2007, 2012). However, long-term or chronic exposure to RF radiation has never been assessed in the current SAR standards. Therefore, one can reasonably argue that the current safety standards may not provide sufficient protection for Google Glass users.

How to Reduce Exposure?

Due to the unique way in which Google Glass is used, when it comes to reducing radiation exposure, most expert-recommended precautionary approaches for cell phone radiation won’t work for Glass. For example, the widely recommended “distance is your best friend” approach is not applicable for Glass – Glass users cannot hold Glass away from their heads, use a speakerphone or wear a headset; neither can they switch sides frequently or text.

The good news is that Pong has a patented technology that is independently proven to reduce exposure to both cellular and Wi-Fi radiation from wireless devices while optimizing the devices’ performance. For example, when pairing with iPad Mini, Pong’s technology can reduce Wi-Fi radiation exposure by 73%. Pong’s technology could be readily adapted for Google Glass to provide a precautionary solution for Glass users.


Nine Ways to Make Google Glass Safer

I’ve posted a summary of the emissions tests I’ve taken from Google Glass, as well as an introduction to a discussion of the risks presented by exposures such as these. Just as cars have seat belts, anti-lock brakes, and air bags to make the risky practice of driving down the highway at 65 miles an hour tangibly safer, so should manufacturers of microwave-emitting technology take similar remediating steps to help reduce the risk associated with using their products.

And that’s just not going to happen unless more people understand the risks of EMF exposure, and demand action from manufacturers of the wireless technologies that are increasingly the dominant source of such radiation exposures in the general public.

For reasons I’ve explained before, Glass need not emit more dangerous radiation than a cell phone, to be more dangerous than a cell phone. Glass is just different; it’s designed to be different, and to be used differently. It’s designed to be used in immediate proximity of the brain for extended periods at a time, on a regularly recurring basis — generally, in tandem with your cell phone.

As I’ve also explained, it will almost certainly take a period measured in decades to have conclusive proof of the risks associated with strapping a microwave transmitter to your brain for extended periods, as is the case with those who wear Glass.

So, right now, as the manufacturer of first consumer application of its kind, Google has a choice:


Ignore the scientifically-demonstrated risks stemming from non-ionizing EMF exposures and tissue heating, and hope for the best? or…


Assume a precautionary approach to product design that minimizes radiation exposures to the brains of their customers, until definitive proof exists of the exact health risks?
I would reiterate, how Google responds to this question will impact not only its customers, but the customers of similar wearable technologies that will soon emerge from many different manufacturers. It will impact all of us, sooner or later (and, given how technology works, probably sooner).

In other words, this type of technology is inevitable. How the early players like Google address questions of human safety will establish the standards by which these issues are addressed over a period of generations.

I recently engaged in an exercise. Someone asked me, how can we make cell phones safer? I could imagine a couple of minor innovations, to suit specific use-cases, but by and large, from my non-engineering understanding of cell phone technology, there really isn’t a way to make it notably safer (at least without redesigning the entire cell network infrastructure). Your iPhone has to send microwave signals, in basically every direction, over really long distances. So, minimizing time spent speaking on cell phones, and using a tethered headset when you do… that’s basically all you can do to minimize your risk from cell phone radiation, without giving up your cell phone.

I believe that Glass is different. The technology is different. The form factor is different. The use-cases are different. These differences lead to more extended exposures to EMF radiation than would come from average cell phone use.

However, after playing with Glass, and coming to understand it more, I am increasingly convinced that these differences enable some relatively simple changes to the design of the product, that could lead to a significant reduction in EMF exposures.

Indeed, I suspect that Google could not only make Glass safer than it is, but that it is possible for Glass to be a safer product than a cell phone.

How?

Well, I’ve written a list of some of the changes that Google could make to Glass. Some suggestions have virtually no impact on customer experience. Others do involve some trade-offs or sacrifices. And while I think all should be implemented, in actuality, each could be implemented on its own.

Some of these items will bring minimal or no negative impact to the consumer experience. Others, I believe, will lead to objections from some customers who wish to have no restrictions in their engagement with digital information. Still, Google is currently defining a product segment. They have a lot of flexibility to make changes of these types, if they believe there is evidence of a real health risk, and care about their consumers’ brains.


None of this is rocket science (certainly not for a company that creates self-driving cars). It’s actually easy to make Glass a safer product, from the perspective of EMF exposures. If Google considers it a priority to do so.

Software Design Alterations:

Add an “Airplane Mode”

Why can’t Glass have one of these?

This is the simplest win, and could be immediately accomplished with a software update of the type that Google is regularly deploying to its Explorers.

Right now, a lot of what Glass does requires internet access. But, not all of it. Taking photos, videos, accessing stored media, reading already-downloaded headlines… all of these are examples of things that can be done without WiFi or Bluetooth access on Glass.

It appears that Google has designed the operating system such that, you can never actually disable WiFi or Bluetooth on Glass. There is no equivalent to Apple’s “Airplane Mode”. So, whenever you are wearing Glass, you are being dosed with microwave radiation — whether or not you’re actually doing anything on Glass.

Glass needs some means of disabling wireless communication on Glass. And, to encourage consumers to utilize it, it should be so easy, that it’s basically just a click away.

Disable Use When Charging

When charging, Glass appears to emit ELF-EMF and additional heat.

“Cell phone radiation” is one type of EMF. Another form, with much less energy, is known as Extremely Low Frequency (ELF). This is the type of EMF emissions that comes from sources like power lines, transformers and electrical appliances.

In general, Glass has negligible ELF emissions. However, when Glass is plugged into a device or power source, Glass becomes an ELF conductor, emitting ELF at notable levels — up to levels (50 mG in my tests) that really need to be taken seriously. Even when plugged into a notebook (that itself, was not plugged into an AC power source), ELF emissions were between 2 and 4 mG.

Also, in my tests, charging appears to heat Glass considerably above the temperature at which it would otherwise be operating.

There is an easy fix, also accomplishable with a software update. Do not allow Glass to be used on the head when connected via USB cable to any source. Then, there will be no circumstances in which Google’s consumers will be exposed to ELF from Glass.

Add “Too Hot” Mode

The iPhone 5 shuts down when it gets too hot.

High temperatures aren’t only bad for technology. They’re bad for your body, causing genotoxic reactions in your cells. In my tests, the surface temperature of Glass regularly exceeds 100°F, and when playing or recording video for even a few minutes, temperatures can get up to 118°F. I’ve generated scenarios in which I measured temperatures exceeding 130°F.

That just isn’t safe to hold up against the brain. The iPhone has a mode in which the device must cool down before being used. I do not believe that Glass has an equivalent mode — or, at least, I have not encountered it. Glass should not enable usage when it is too hot to be held against the head.

Restrict Video Playback Bitrate

Watching video on the CNN Glass app was amongst the most fun I had — and the source of some of the highest EMF emissions I recorded in my tests.

In my tests, EMF emissions from WiFi technology like Glass appear to correlate directly to amount of data throughput. Video is most data-intensive of media types, and playing back certain videos on Glass led to power density measurements that far exceed the standard radiation levels from the device, and quite possibly FCC regulations on radiation absorption (again, I lack the ability to measure SAR, only power density).

At other times, playing video led to notably lower levels of EMF radiation.

I believe (though do not know for sure) that the different levels of EMF radiation that I measured correspond to the different bitrates of the different videos that I have watched. And the higher the bitrate, the more data throughput, the higher the emissions. If I am right, there are videos that, when played back on Glass, will lead to EMF emissions in excess of FCC regulations (and, if I am wrong, I expect someone from Google will be able to tell me as much).

It also seems that playing video increases the temperature of the device. Again, based on my assumptions, I believe that capping bitrates would effectively cap the temperature increases associated with video playback.

Bitrate on videos deployed through approved Glass apps should be capped to a value that is demonstrated not to lead to EM emissions in excess of Google’s published SAR value for Glass (1.11 W/kg).

Focus Media Synchronization When Glass is Not Worn

If more of Glass’ media synchronization when worn
occurred on-demand, there would be less EMF exposure
for the wearer.

As-is, Glass syncs everything, all the time. Take a photo, and it uploads to G+. Record a video, and it uploads to G+. Install CNN or the New York Times, and the headlines just come down, unrequested.

Now, as a consumer of technology, I completely understand why this is appealing — who wants to wait even a couple of seconds for updates-on-demand?

But, when the microwave transmitter that enables this functionality is immediately next to my brain, I have to start wondering what the value is of this instantaneous, and continuous, transmission of data.

Given that EMF emissions from WiFi technology correlate to the amount of data throughput, it seems to me that a “sync everything all the time” approach to Glass leads to many unnecessary exposures.


Instead, I believe that the approach should be: non-text media should only be synchronized:


Upon human request; or,
When Glass is worn not on the head (which Glass is already able to detect)


Will it take a little longer for your videos to be uploaded? Yes (unless you explicitly choose to upload them). But, in exchange, you’re dosed with microwave radiation for a notably smaller portion of the time when you wear Glass.


Disable WiFi And Bluetooth When Unsupported

Is there a way to ensure that Glass’ WiFi and Bluetooth emit no,
or minor amounts of EMF, when no WiFi networks or
Bluetooth devices are nearby?

As it is, I understand the WiFi card in Glass is always on, whether or not there is a supported WiFi network within reach. Similarly, the Bluetooth chip is always on, whether or not your paired phone is.

This means, consumers are being dosed with microwave radiation from Glass’ WiFi and Bluetooth even when they have no available WiFi and Bluetooth options. That’s a completely gratuitous dose of radiation.

At a minimum, it seems to me that WiFi & Bluetooth on Glass should not be operative when no such possible connections exist.

Power-Up WiFi On-Demand

Whenever these connections are active,
you can be dosed with EMF.

From my experience, it does not take long for a WiFi enabled device to join a WiFi network. Vastly less time than it takes, for example, for my phone to find coverage.

Given this, it seems to me that the WiFi card on Glass should only be powered up when it is actually needed. That is, when a supported WiFi network is within reach, and when the user:

has requested an action that requires WiFi; or,
takes Glass off.


Given that this feature would affect the product experience in ways some consumers might find off-putting, “Enable On-Demand WiFi” could be a toggle in the Settings card.

Hardware Design Alterations

Use Non-Conductive Materials

There are a wide array of high-performance
non-conductive materials to choose from.

Most materials that conduct electricity also conduct electromagnetic radiation. Titanium (from which a significant chunk of Glass’ frame is constructed, wrapping the brain) is a metal with relatively low conductivity. Still, it does conduct.

Which means that use of titanium in Glass (as opposed to some high-performance, non-conductive synthetic plastic, for example) increases the amount of EMF radiation to which consumers are exposed (in particular, on the contralateral side of the head from which the Glass computer is worn.)

Thus, the titanium in the Glass frame (which wraps the entire head, and straddles the nose) should be replaced with a non-conductive material, to reduce completely extraneous amplification and relay of the EM emissions from Glass. And, in general, I believe that Google should use only non-conductive materials throughout Glass, unless a conductive material is specifically required for the function of the part.

Move Away From Brain

Many people do not realize that the strength of electromagnetic radiation diminishes exponentially with distance. This is why every little bit of space that you can create between the source of EM emissions and your body is important (as evidenced by the fact that Apple says iPhones are not designed to be held or used within 10mm of the human body).


Thus, Glass should be redesigned to hold the microwave transmitter (and, probably, the entire computer portion) as far away from the brain as possible, given the supported use cases. Quite literally, every millimeter of distance that Google designs to exist between Glass and the brain, makes Glass safer to use, from the perspective both of EMF exposure and tissue heating. Ideally, Glass is redesigned not only to increase the space between the brain and the computer, but also to move it away from the temple (where your brain is not shielded by bone).

I should add, I consider the brain to be a pretty important organ. However, there are numerous reasons to be concerned about the effect of cell phone radiation on the eye (notably, cataracts, which can form much more rapidly than brain tumors). So, the distance between the Glass computer and both the brain and eye should be maximized.

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